2010). Instead, they detected a positive herbivory–plant diversity relationship in the forest ecosystem where the species in our experiment originate from. The richer the biodiversity in an ecosystem, the less likely that it will be susceptible to if a plague came along. et al. (, Crutsinger Recently, criteria and indicators have been developed for the conservation of genetic diversity in forest ecosystems (see Boyle 2000 for a review). 3. (, Zeng Bruelheide Herbivory can be strongly affected by species identity, species traits and species diversity (Barone 1998; Bischoff and Trémulot 2011; Haddad et al. L M Two deciduous and one evergreen species showed increased herbivory rates at higher species diversity and two evergreen species showed lower herbivory rates (Fig. We assessed survival, growth and herbivory for 20 months, tested effects of species diversity and genetic diversity on early tree performance and herbivory and tested whether these effects differed between deciduous and evergreen species and between species within these functional groups. At the same time, we assessed herbivory as the percentage of leaf area consumed per plant by randomly choosing 20 leaves of each individual and visually assigning them to one of eight classes (0, 0–1%, 1–5%, 5–10%, 10–25%, 25–50%, 50–75%, 75–100%). Spatiotemporal patterns of insect diversity and multitrophic interactions across a tree diversity gradient in a Central European deciduous forest Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgelegt von Diplom-Biologin Stephanie Sobek aus Hamm (Westf.) Search for other works by this author on: German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig D-04103, Host-specificity of folivorous insects in a moist tropical forest, Comparison of herbivores and herbivory in the canopy and understory for two tropical tree species, Effects of genetic impoverishment on plant community diversity, Community assembly during secondary forest succession in a Chinese subtropical forest, A direct comparison of the consequences of plant genotypic and species diversity on communities and ecosystem function, Plant species diversity and genetic diversity within a dominant species interactively affect plant community biomass, Plant genotypic diversity predicts community structure and governs an ecosystem process, Biodiversity and the functioning of seagrass ecosystems, Host specificity of Lepidoptera in tropical and temperate forests, Ecophysiological traits of deciduous and evergreen woody species in the seasonally dry tropics, The relative influences of host plant genotype and yearly abiotic variability in determining herbivore abundance. 2010; Scherer-Lorenzen et al. Drainage ditches were installed between plot rows and all plots were shaded in the first year with black shading net, which attenuated light by ~50%. Temperate Deciduous Forest Definition. Dark red indicates deciduous species, green evergreen species and light red indicates mean performance. PA ZW 2011). Another distinction between these two types of forests is canopy cover. Kröber Is forest diversity driving ecosystem function and service? Freeland Species differed from each other in biomass, growth rate, herbivory and survival (P < 0.001). In addition, tropical and subtropical forests feature flowers such as orchids and numerous vines called lianas. (, Schmid J 1e). However, increasing the number of trees, ensuring local sources are used, and gene flow from surrounding forests over the next decennia may be crucial for long-term survival. Deciduous forests are home to trees such as oak, birch, beech, aspen, elm and maple. This effect may arise through niche differentiation, i.e. We found species–specific herbivory responses to species diversity. 1d). However, how the soil and vegetation factors affect the diversity and community composition of bacteria is poorly understood, especially for bacteria associated with evergreen and deciduous trees in subtropical forest ecosystems. Biomass and relative growth rate are given for dry biomass. B complementary use of limiting resources, through facilitation, i.e. LA (, Hahn et al. et al. Symbols indicate means ± SE. Local forest environment largely affects below-ground growth, clonal diversity and fine-scale spatial genetic structure in the temperate deciduous forest herb Paris quadrifolia. Both species showed genetic diversity comparable to other populations in Central Europe, which is likely to be sufficient for the maintenance of the species in the short term. AA The last three columns give parameters and R2 for species–specific allometries of 2-year-old saplings: log (biomass[g]) = a × log (D2 × H) + b, where D is the basal diameter and H is stem height. (, Stock et al. (2008) and Vellend and Geber (2005), remains an open question. et al. Genetic diversity is a component of biodiversity that has often been neglected in BEF research, but which may affect productivity, growth and stability of populations, inter-specific interactions within communities and ecosystem-level processes (Hughes et al. Deciduous Forest Definition. However, experimental evidence from woody species is still lacking almost completely (but see Hahn et al. 2008). Deciduous forests must have at least 120 days without frost. S A (2017) showed significant heritability both of growth and of plasticity in growth, suggesting that the identity of genotypes and the amount of genetic variation within a community will affect growth both; in the short term, e.g. Temperate deciduous forests also have precipitation in the form of snow. D Toggle navigation european forest genetic resources programme genetic diversity is the basis of resilience EUFORGEN. Lill However, while genetic diversity of plants may affect herbivores (Crutsinger et al. ISSN: 1401-6230, ISBN: 91-576-6332-7 The landscape perspective has come to play an important role in efforts to achieve sustainable forestry, especially regarding the protection of biodiversity. Naeem 1c). This came about by positive effects of changes in genetic diversity in some cases and negative ones in others (Fig. 1996). (2010) did not find such a pattern when analyzing herbivory levels of ten evergreen species. However, the role of genetic diversity within species, relative to the one of species diversity, has hardly been addressed. A deciduous forest is a biome dominated by deciduous trees which lose their leaves seasonally. The lack of overdispersal suggests that CNDD is unlikely to be a major mechanism maintaining understory plant diversity. However, in communities with four SF per species these biomass changes were largely reversed. 2015; Silvertown et al. 2. 2001; Tilman 1999), because species differ from each other in functional characteristics and in their responses to biotic interactions. At the plot level, we removed all weeds (i.e. Interestingly, herbivory of two of the deciduous trees suffering most herbivory already in monoculture, increased in mixture, suggesting that herbivores might have moved from evergreen to deciduous species. M Relative growth rate was higher at higher species diversity for two evergreen and two deciduous species. In total, across the three species pools there were 264 plots and 4224 sowing positions. They are located in North America, Europe and Asia. et al. Species differed significantly from each other in all five performance measures (P < 0.001, Table 2). beneficial effects of one species on an intermediary resource fostering other species, or through a sampling effect, i.e. Tel: +41-31-631-4943; Fax: +41-31-631-4942; E-mail: markus.fischer@ips.unibe.ch, Xueqin Zeng, Walter Durka, Markus Fischer, Species-specific effects of genetic diversity and species diversity of experimental communities on early tree performance, Journal of Plant Ecology, Volume 10, Issue 1, 1 February 2017, Pages 252–258, https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtw108. 2017a), as expected due to reduced population sizes of several species due to competitive exclusion. These species–specific responses suggest feedbacks of species diversity and genetic diversity on future species composition. XQ Wedin M As such, forest biological diversity encompasses not just trees, but the multitude of plants, animals and microorganisms that inhabit forest areas and their associated genetic diversity. In our study, however, genetic diversity did not affect community herbivory, similar to the results of Johnson et al. the greater chance of a larger community to include one or several better performing species (Fridley 2001; Tilman 1999). In contrast, genetic diversity has largely been neglected in BEF research and only few more recent studies have demonstrated potential links between genetic diversity in plant communities and ecosystem functioning (Booth and Grime 2003; Fridley and Grime 2010; Hughes et al. As saplings grew 1–3 m tall during the course of the experiment, with intermingling crowns, this set-up enabled us to study communities of interacting trees. 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