" Romanesque architecture The style emerging in Western Europe in the early 11th cent., based on Roman and Byzantine elements, characterized by massive articulated wall structures, round arches, and powerful vaults, and lasting until the advent of Gothic architecture in the middle of the 12th cent. It is divided in two periods: 1. The majority are vertically bedded and are sometimes of a variety of colours. Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterised by semi-circular arches. [23] Other cathedrals have sections of their building which are clearly an intermediate stage between Norman and Gothic, such as the western towers of Ely Cathedral and part of the nave at Worcester Cathedral. Church of Santa Maria, San Martín de Castañeda, Spain. This is the currently selected item. For the sake of fire resistance, masonry vaulting began to replace timber construction. Corrections? Arcades also occur in cloisters and atriums, enclosing an open space. St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim has similar characteristics to the church in the Plan of Saint Gall. architectural style that dominated in Western Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries Smooth ashlar masonry was not a distinguishing feature of the style, particularly in the earlier part of the period, but occurred chiefly where easily worked limestone was available.[26]. A characteristic feature of Romanesque architecture, both ecclesiastic and domestic, is the pairing of two arched windows or arcade openings, separated by a pillar or colonette and often set within a larger arch. Each nave bay is separated at the vault by a transverse rib. An arcade is a row of arches, supported on piers or columns. [23][35] Such towers were often topped during the late Medieval period with a Gothic spire of wooden construction covered with lead, copper or shingles. Charlemagne's political successors continued to rule much of Europe, with a gradual emergence of the separate political states that were eventually to become welded into nations, either by allegiance or defeat, into the Kingdom of Germany giving rise to the Holy Roman Empire. The subject of the carving on a major portal may be Christ in Majesty or the Last Judgement. Interwoven and spiralling vines in the "manuscript" style at Saint-Sernin, Toulouse. Like many castles built by crusader knights, the inner fortress of Krak des Chevaliers, Syria, was mainly constructed in this period, with the outer walls being later. In Germany, major reconstructions of the 19th century sought to return many Romanesque buildings to their original form. (Gothic vault). The most simple form that this takes is to have a column between each adjoining pier. San Miniato al Monte, Florence (1013–1090) has basilical form, open timber roof and decoration of polychrome marble and mosaic. The earliest intact figures are five prophet windows at Augsburg, dating from the late 11th century. Where wide expanses of wall existed, they were often plastered and painted. 1200 – 1600 AD. To facilitate this, the chancel or "presbytery" is longer than usually found in Europe, as are the aisled transepts which contained chapels. Durham is a cathedral of massive Romanesque proportions and appearance, yet its builders introduced several structural features that were new to architectural design and were later to be hallmark features of the Gothic. If you are studying about ancient European architecture, you must learn about Romanesque architecture too.This style of architecture has been popular since around 1000 AD. (See pic. The arches used in Romanesque architecture are nearly always semicircular, for openings such as doors and windows, for vaults and for arcades. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Rural church of São Pedro de Lourosa, Portugal, built in the 10th century it has the simplest type of square-shape apsidal east end. Nave of the church of Saint-Étienne in Caen, France. At San Michele the vertical definition is present as at San Zeno, but the rooflines are screened behind a single large gable decorated with stepped arcading. After churches and the monastic buildings with which they are often associated, castles are the most numerous type of building of the period. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The alternation of red and blue is a typical device of simpler window designs. Late 12th century. The structure of large churches differed regionally and developed across the centuries. By far the greatest number of surviving Romanesque buildings are churches. San Zeno, Verona, has a porch typical of Italy. The building stone was often used in comparatively small and irregular pieces, bedded in thick mortar. Enciclopedia del Románico en la Península Ibérica. This facade can be seen as the foundation for many other buildings, including both French and English Gothic churches. It is characterised by three distinct periods. The apsidal east end was often a focus of decoration, with both architectonic forms such as arcading and pictorial features such as carved figures, murals and occasionally mosaics. Apse of the Church of St Justus, Segovia. They were followed by the Cluniac order, the Cistercians, Carthusians and Augustinian Canons. Towers were an important feature of Romanesque churches and a great number of them are still standing. Political struggles also resulted in the fortification of many towns, or the rebuilding and strengthening of walls that remained from the Roman period. The nave of Peterborough Cathedral (1118–1193) in three stages of arcade, gallery & clerestory, typical of Norman abbey churches. This structure was the standard format for a Romanesque Church. In the case of trussed rafter roofs, they are sometimes lined with wooden ceilings in three sections like those that survive at Ely and Peterborough cathedrals in England. This most frequently took a purely geometric form and was particularly applied to mouldings, both straight courses and the curved moldings of arches. In Italy walls were sometimes faced with polychrome marble. Abbey of St Mary Magdalene, Vézelay, (consecrated 1104) has clusters of vertical shafts rising to support transverse arches and a groin vault. The monastery of San Vittore alle Chiuse, Genga, Italy, of undressed stone, has a typically fortress-like appearance with small windows of early Romanesque. The two central openings are deeply recessed. In Italy there are a number of large free-standing towers that are circular, the most famous of these being the Leaning Tower of Pisa. An outstanding example of its use in drapery is that of the central figure of Christ on the outer portal at La Madaleine, Vezelay.[26]. On the sanctuary arch were figures of apostles, prophets or the twenty-four "elders of the Apocalypse", looking in towards a bust of Christ, or his symbol the Lamb, at the top of the arch. This drawing is a reconstruction by Dehio of the appearance of the Romanesque Konstanz Cathedral before its alterations in the Gothic style. In many churches the eastern end has been rebuilt in a later style. The simplest Romanesque churches are aisleless halls with a projecting apse at the chancel end, or sometimes, particularly in England, a projecting rectangular chancel with a chancel arch that might be decorated with mouldings. In Romanesque architecture, piers were often employed to support arches. This form is usual in Italy and Germany. Romanesque Architecture: Background. Unfortunately, very little of the abbey church at Cluny remains; the "Cluny II" rebuilding of 963 onwards has completely vanished, but we have a good idea of the design of "Cluny III" from 1088 to 1130, which until the Renaissance remained the largest building in Europe. At other late Romanesque churches such as Durham Cathedral, and Cefalù Cathedral, the pointed arch was introduced as a structural device in ribbed vaulting. The largest groups of Romanesque survivors are in areas that were less prosperous in subsequent periods, including parts of southern France, rural Spain and rural Italy. The Church of St Philibert, Tournus, (990–1019) has tall circular piers supporting the arcade and is roofed with a series of barrel vaults supported on arches. Pisa Cathedral, Italy. The scheme extends to other parts of the church, with the martyrdom of the local saints shown in the crypt, and Apocalypse in the narthex and Christ in Majesty. One of the effects of the Crusades, which were intended to wrest the Holy Places of the Levant from Islamic control, was to excite a great deal of religious fervour, which in turn inspired great building programs. In the more northern countries, Roman building styles and techniques had never been adopted except for official buildings, while in Scandinavia they were unknown. Far fewer large windows remain intact from the 12th century. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 11th century, this later date being the most commonly held. Few have survived intact from the Romanesque period. Church of San Zeno, Verona, Italy, The facade is neatly divided vertically and horizontally. However, the barrel vault generally required the support of solid walls, or walls in which the windows were very small. The facades of Gothic churches in Italy are not always easily distinguishable from the Romanesque. Limburg Cathedral, Germany. Upper windows are similarly separated into two openings by colonettes. Portal, Church of Santa Maria, Viu de Llevata, Catalonia, Spain, The vault at the Abbey Church of Saint Foy, Conques, France, Cloister of the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano, Rome, Bell tower of Angoulême Cathedral, Charente, SW France, Window and Lombard band of the Rotunda of San Tomè, Almenno San Bartolomeo. Each building has clearly defined forms, frequently of very regular, symmetrical plan; the overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings that were to follow. Lincoln and Durham must once have looked like this. Monolithic columns cut from a single piece of stone were frequently used in Italy, as they had been in Roman and Early Christian architecture. The best-known surviving large sculptural work of Proto-Romanesque Europe is the life-size wooden Crucifix commissioned by Archbishop Gero of Cologne in about 960–65. There are many variations on this theme, most notably at Durham Cathedral where the mouldings and shafts of the piers are of exceptional richness and the huge masonry columns are deeply incised with geometric patterns. During the 12th century, features that were to become typical of Gothic architecture began to appear. The basilica Saint-Sernin of Toulouse is a typical example of a pilgrimage church. In Germany, the Rhine and its tributaries were the location of many Romanesque abbeys, notably Mainz, Worms, Speyer and Bamberg. The most common method of construction was to build them out of stone cylinders called drums, as in the crypt at Speyer Cathedral. In other countries where circular towers occur, such as Germany, they are usually paired and often flank an apse. They moved along one of the four main routes that passed through France, congregating for the journey at Jumièges, Paris, Vézelay, Cluny, Arles and St. Gall in Switzerland. One was to have the centre point where the diagonal ribs met as the highest point, with the infill of all the surfaces sloping upwards towards it, in a domical manner. Romanesque doorways have a character form, with the jambs having a series of receding planes, into each of which is set a circular shaft, all surmounted by a continuous abacus. A look at modern veneration from the British Museum. Parma Cathedral, Italy, 1178, has a screen facade ornamented with galleries. This style of doorway occurs in many places and continued into the Gothic period. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "Romanesque" means "descended from Roman" and was first used in English to designate what are now called Romance languages (first cited 1715). The use of piers of rectangular plan to support arcades was common, as at Mainz Cathedral and St Gertrude Nivelle, and remained usual in smaller churches across Europe, with the arcades often taking the form of openings through the surface of a wall. The facade, c. 1200, with polychrome plaster, follows the paired-tower model found at several Rhineland churches. The most notable single building that demonstrates this is St Mark's Basilica, Venice, but there are many lesser-known examples, particularly in France, such as the church of Saint-Front, Périgueux and Angoulême Cathedral.[13]. Stylized foliage often appears, sometimes deeply carved and curling outward after the manner of the acanthus leaves on Corinthian capitals, but also carved in shallow relief and spiral patterns, imitating the intricacies of manuscript illuminations. More ambitious churches have aisles separated from the nave by arcades. In the 12th century it developed into the Gothic style, marked by pointed arches. [36] The common decorative feature is arcading.[1]. [39] During the 11th and 12th centuries, figurative sculpture flourished in a distinctly Romanesque style that can be recognised across Europe, although the most spectacular sculptural projects are concentrated in South-Western France, Northern Spain and Italy. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/art/Romanesque-architecture, Art Encyclopedia - Romanesque Architecture, Old and Sold - Romanesque Architecture In Europe. The Romanesque style in England is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture. In Rome several great Constantinian basilicas continued in use as an inspiration to later builders. Churches showing the transition between Romanesque and Gothic, Conrad Rudolph, ed., A Companion to Medieval Art: Romanesque and Gothic in Northern Europe, 2nd ed. In Italy towers are almost always free standing and the position is often dictated by the landform of the site, rather than aesthetics. Romanesque Art: History, Characteristics, and Important Facts. It is very large and its interior plan made it possible to direct traffic. The range of colours employed is limited to light blue-green, yellow ochre, reddish brown and black. Narrow doors and small windows might be surmounted by a solid stone lintel. The most durable of these columns are of marble and have the stone horizontally bedded. Large churches of Spain and Portugal usually have two towers. Overlapping arches form a blind arcade at St Lawrence's church Castle Rising, England. The animal motifs, of which there are many, include rare and exotic species. [30] Called a tiburio, this tower-like structure often has a blind arcade near the roof. The entire building is faced with marble striped in white and grey. Kimball, F., & Edgell, G. H. (1918). [1][12], Columns are an important structural feature of Romanesque architecture. A number of 11th-century churches have naves distinguished by huge circular columns with no clerestory, or a very small one as at St Philibert, Tournus. Romance language is degenerated Latin language. (See pic. St Martin's Church, Gensac-la-Pallue has capitals with elaborate interlacing. Examples of simple Romanesque apses can be seen in the images of St Gertrude, Nivelles; St Philibert, Tournus, and San Miniato al Monte. In architecture, the term first described architectural designs in west Europe from the fifth to the thirteenth centuries. Adam represents a highly naturalistic and lively portrayal, while in the figure of Seth, the robes have been used to great decorative effect, similar to the best stone carving of the period. Some churches such as Saint-Étienne, Caen, (11th century) and Pisa Cathedral (late 12th century) had three western portals, in the manner of Early Christian basilicas. Many castles exist, the foundations of which date from the Romanesque period. Benedict had ordered that all the arts were to be taught and practiced in the monasteries. At Jumièges there are tall drum columns between piers each of which has a half-column supporting the arch. The figure of Christ is highly formalised in both posture and treatment. The churches of San Zeno Maggiore, Verona, and San Michele, Pavia, present two types of facade that are typical of Italian Romanesque, that which reveals the architectural form of the building, and that which screens it. The figurative carving shows a winged devil directing Herod to slaughter the Innocents. Sometimes the columns are in multiples of two or three. Along the route they were urged on by those pilgrims returning from the journey. There are a number of Romanesque Revival churches, dating from as early as the 1830s and continuing into the 20th century where the massive and "brutal" quality of the Romanesque style was appreciated and designed in brick. A rare and remarkable survival, of "unforgettable beauty",[42] the very large Crucifixion window of Poitiers Cathedral, France. Castle Rising, England, shows flat buttresses and reinforcing at the corners of the building typical in both castles and churches. With the fall of the Roman Empire, the tradition of carving large works in stone and sculpting figures in bronze died out. (2016), This page was last edited on 9 January 2021, at 08:44. Large paired towers of square plan could also occur on the transept ends, such as those at Tournai Cathedral in Belgium. In England, the Romanesque groundplan, which in that country commonly had a very long nave, continued to affect the style of building of cathedrals and those large abbey churches which were also to become cathedrals at the dissolution of the monasteries in the 16th century. The three portals became increasingly common. These are: 1. At the centre is an open porch surmounted by a ceremonial balcony. Romanesque architecture relies upon its walls, or sections of walls called piers, to bear the load of the structure, rather than using arches, columns, vaults, and other systems to manage the weight. The oldest-known fragments of medieval pictorial stained glass appear to date from the 10th century. [24] Arcades of columns cut from single pieces are also common in structures that do not bear massive weights of masonry, such as cloisters, where they are sometimes paired.[1]. The only purpose of its buildings was offering to the sacred, which is why they were called “God’s fortresses”. Combining features of ancient Roman and Byzantine buildings and other local traditions, Romanesque architecture is known by its massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy pillars, barrel vaults, large towers and decorative arcading. They were essential to the communal way of life, a place for both working during daylight hours and relaxing during inclement weather. Romanesque Architecture: Sacral buildings. However, the church of St. Sernin at Toulouse, 1080–1120, has remained intact and demonstrates the regularity of Romanesque design with its modular form, its massive appearance and the repetition of the simple arched window motif. While the form is typical of northern France, its various components were common to many Romanesque churches of the period across Europe. Herina. The sculptured frieze above is protected by an eave on corbels. [1], As a general rule, large Romanesque towers are square with corner buttresses of low profile, rising without diminishing through the various stages. Saint-Benoît-du-Sault, in the Berry province, is typical of the churches that were founded on the pilgrim route.[1][12]. They are often double shells, filled with rubble. It was characterized by its walls and buttresses. [1] They were also used, particularly in Germany, when they alternated between more massive piers. In the cases where half-barrel vaults were used, they effectively became like flying buttresses. Local lords built great halls in the countryside, while rich merchants built grand town houses. [1][28], Natural History Museum, London, Alfred Waterhouse, 1879. This sort of arrangement is particularly noticeable on the towers of Italian churches, which are usually built of brick and may have no other ornament. Polychrome blind arcading of the apse of Monreale Cathedral, Sicily (1174–82) The decoration indicates Islamic influence in both the motifs and the fact that all the arches, including those of the windows, are pointed. Church of St. Trophime, Arles, France. Among the many examples that exist, one of the finest is the figure of the Prophet Jeremiah from the pillar of the portal of the Abbey of Saint-Pierre, Moissac, France, from about 1130. Grande-Sauve Abbey, France, Capital of amorphous form surmounting a cluster of shafts. Salvaged columns were also used to a lesser extent in France. The facade of the Cathedral of Genoa has both round and pointed arches, and paired windows, a continuing Romanesque feature of Italian Gothic architecture. Ely Cathedral was never vaulted and retains a wooden ceiling over the nave. At Santa Maria della Pieve, Arezzo, this screening is carried even further, as the roofline is horizontal and the arcading rises in many different levels while the colonettes that support them have a great diversity of decoration.[12][26]. In England, of the cathedrals of ancient foundation, all were begun in this period with the exception of Salisbury, where the monks relocated from the Norman church at Old Sarum, and several, such as Canterbury, which were rebuilt on the site of Saxon churches. [12], Many parish churches across Europe, such as this in Vestre Slidre, Norway, are of Romanesque foundation, The Romanesque Sénanque Abbey church and surrounding monastic buildings, Gordes, Provence, France, Collegiate churches such as that of Saint Hadelin, Celles, Belgium, were administered by lay canons, Many cathedrals such as Trier Cathedral, Germany, date from this period, with many later additions. Many towns, such as San Gimignano, were enclosed with walls, causing crowding and the building of tower houses, Across Europe, the late 11th and 12th centuries saw an unprecedented growth in the number of churches. Noun 1. The window is described by George Seddon as being of "unforgettable beauty".[42]. There are a very small number of buildings in the Romanesque style, such as Autun Cathedral in France and Monreale Cathedral in Sicily in which pointed arches have been used extensively, apparently for stylistic reasons. Capital of convex cubic form with its abacus, concave dosseret and cable decoration defined by polychrome. St Gertrude, Nivelles, Belgium, (consecrated 1046) has a nave and aisles divided by piers supporting a clerestorey. These range from tiny chapels to large cathedrals. Sullivan understood both the magnitude of this historical change in architecture and the possibility that beauty may be … The aisles at Peterborough Cathedral have quadripartite ribbed vaults. There was a loss of stylistic continuity, particularly apparent in the decline of the formal vocabulary of the Classical Orders. Durham Cathedral, England, has decorated masonry columns alternating with piers of clustered shafts supporting the earliest pointed high ribs. The Abbey of Sant'Antimo has a high apsidal end surrounded by an ambulatory and with small projecting apses, Saint-Étienne, Nevers, displays a round chancel with ambulatory, apsidal chapels and strongly projecting transepts, The small church of Saint-Andreas Szprotawa, Poland, built in the 13th century it has the simplest type of circle-shape apsidal east end, Romanesque church facades, generally to the west end of the building, are usually symmetrical, have a large central portal made significant by its mouldings or porch, and an arrangement of arched-topped windows. The central wheel window and small porch with columns resting on crouching lions is typical of Italy. However, whereas in a groin vault, the vault itself is the structural member, in a ribbed vault, it is the ribs that are the structural members, and the spaces between them can be filled with lighter, non-structural material. Architecture of a Romanesque style also developed simultaneously in the north of Italy, parts of France and in the Iberian Peninsula in the 10th century and prior to the later influence of the Abbey of Cluny. Each transept projects to the width of two nave bays. Much of Europe was affected by feudalism in which peasants held tenure from local rulers over the land that they farmed in exchange for military service. The dressed polychrome stonework has exquisitely detailed mouldings. Survivals of unfortified Romanesque secular houses and palaces, and the domestic quarters of monasteries are far rarer, but these used and adapted the features found in church buildings, on a domestic scale. Arcades could be used to great effect, both externally and internally, as exemplified by the church of Santa Maria della Pieve, in Arezzo.[26]. This structure has necessitated the use of very thick walls, and massive piers from which the domes spring. [29] The diagonal ribs could also be depressed, a solution used on the sexpartite vaults at both the Saint-Étienne, (Abbaye-aux-Hommes) and Sainte-Trinité, (Abbaye-aux-Dames) at Caen, France, in the late 11th and early 12th centuries.[29]. However, the sources of the incised patterns are the trunks of palms, cycads and tropical tree ferns. Crypts are often present as an underlying structure to a substantial church, and are generally a completely discrete space, but occasionally, as in some Italian churches, may be a sunken space under a raised chancel and open, via steps, to the body of the nave. The ornamentation is focused on the porch and the carved Christ in Majesty on the tympanum, typical of French cathedrals. A groin vault is almost always square in plan and is constructed of two barrel vaults intersecting at right angles. The most significant are the great abbey churches, many of which are still standing, more or less complete and frequently in use. Gothic arches beneath tower (c. 1350). Many castles were built during this period, but they are greatly outnumbered by churches. In the case of aisled churches, barrel vaults, or half-barrel vaults over the aisles helped to buttress the nave, if it was vaulted. While some are dependent on manuscripts illustrations of Biblical scenes and depictions of beasts and monsters, others are lively scenes of the legends of local saints. In churches, typically the aisles are vaulted, but the nave is roofed with timber, as is the case at both Peterborough and Ely. It occurs in a variety of forms, from the Lombard band, which is a row of small arches that appear to support a roofline or course, to shallow blind arcading that is often a feature of English architecture and is seen in great variety at Ely Cathedral, to the open dwarf gallery, first used at Speyer Cathedral and widely adopted in Italy as seen on both Pisa Cathedral and its famous Leaning Tower. The eastern apse of Parma Cathedral, Italy (early 12th century) combines a diversity of decorative features: blind arcading, galleries, courses and sculptured motifs. All over Europe, dwellers of the town and country built houses to live in, some of which, sturdily constructed in stone, have remained to this day with sufficient of their form and details intact to give a picture of the style of domestic architecture that was in fashion at the time. While most are in ruins through the action of war and politics, others, like William the Conqueror's White Tower within the Tower of London have remained almost intact. In Italy, where there was a strong tradition of using marble columns, complete with capital, base and abacus, this remained prevalent, often reusing existent ancient columns, as at San Miniato al Monte. The Basilica of Saint-Trophime, Arles, France, has an elaborate sculptural scheme which includes Christ in Majesty, a frieze extending over the lintel and a gallery of sculptured figures. Chapter houses often occur adjacent to monastic or cathedral churches. The type of modern buildings for which the Romanesque style was most frequently adapted was the warehouse, where a lack of large windows and an appearance of great strength and stability were desirable features. [23] In Italy where open wooden roofs are common, and tie beams frequently occur in conjunction with vaults, the timbers have often been decorated as at San Miniato al Monte, Florence.[1]. On the rear west wall would be a Doom painting or Last Judgement, with an enthroned and judging Christ at the top. As monasticism spread across Europe, Romanesque churches sprang up in Scotland, Scandinavia, Poland, Hungary, Sicily, Serbia and Tunisia. 1200 to 1300- termed as the Lancet period, the Gothic styles began during this time and it aimed … On the apse walls below would be saints and apostles, perhaps including narrative scenes, for example of the saint to whom the church was dedicated. Flying buttresses: The function of these buttresses is to spread the weight of the tall walls so that the structure becomes stable by transferring force to the ground. The massive Romanesque wall is thick for a reason, which has to do with its function. This resulted in the building of castles at strategic points, many of them being constructed as strongholds of the Normans, descendants of the Vikings who invaded northern France under Rollo in 911. One of a series of prophets that are the oldest stained glass windows in situ. The system of monasticism in which the religious become members of an order, with common ties and a common rule, living in a mutually dependent community, rather than as a group of hermits living in proximity but essentially separate, was established by the monk Benedict in the 6th century. They usually abut the church building and are enclosed with windowless walls on the outside and an open arcade on the inside, looking over a courtyard or "cloister garth". [34], The plan of the Abbey of St Gall, Switzerland, Spain, Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, France, Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, The Abbey Church of St. Gall, Switzerland, shows the plan that was to become common throughout Germanic Europe. 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